Hi guys, do you know that it’s my topic on the second semester. Yup, introductory it. Check this out!
A : To get the best score is hard.
B : It is hard to get the best score.

In this pattern, it has no meaning. It is used only to fill the subject position in the sentence. Thus, it is called introductory “it”.
A and B mean the same thing, but sentence B is more common and useful than A. A was introduced mainly to make the meaning of B easier to understand. Introductory “it” can fill the position both of the subject and object.
When the subject is a clause :
It does not matter whether he comes or not. (Whether he comes or not does not matter.)
Introductory it as an object :
Do you think it dangerous to drive when the way is slippery?
Introductory it in question
Who was it that broke the window?

Should :
Should is the past form of shall. It used to advice and obligation.
You should switch off the light when you leave the room.
You should drive carefully in bad weather.

Would :
Would is the alteration of will in the past form. Would is use for wish and request (more polite than will)
Example :
Would you open the window, please?
Would you help me, please?



Might :
Might is the past form of may. It used to tell possibility and hesitant offer.
Example :
It might windy today.
Might I help you?

Could :
Could is the past form of can. It used to say ability, permission, polite question, polite request and polite offer.
Example :
I could lend you my car till tomorrow.
Could I go to cinema, please?
I could speak English.

Narrative text. We ever study this topic on first semester. Yeah, narrative text is a text that tells a story such as legend, fairy tales, fable, etc. In order to entertain, stimulate emotion, or to teach. This text is using verb 2.
Generic structure of Narrative Text :
Orientation : Introduces main characters in a setting of place and time.
Complication : Tells the problems of the story and how the main characters solve it.
Resolution : Tells the ending of the story.



Example story of Narrative text :
Snow White
Pinnocio
Malin Kundang
Sleeping Beauty
Cinderella

What is noun phrase? Do you know guys? Yeah, noun phrase are formed by a noun or pronoun and any modifiers, compelemnts, or determiners.
Example :
The most beautiful ring
The greatest King
An ugly cat
A lovely jacket
The determinative, that constituent which determines the reference of the noun phrase in its situational.
The premodification, which comprises all modifying or describing constituents before the head, other than the determiners.
The head, around which the other constituents cluster.

The structure of Noun Phrase:
Noun phrase : pre-modifiers + noun
Noun phrase : noun + post-modifier
Noun phrase : pre-modifiers + noun + post-modifier

Passive voice is sentence that used when the focus or not know and however, who or what performing the action.
General Formula :
to be + V3 (Past participle)
- Formula active present tense :
1. Simple : S + V1 + O
Example : Elena writes a letter
2. Continuous : S + is/am/are-ing

Example : Elena is writing a letter
3. Perfect : S + have/has + V3
Example : Elena has written a letter
4. Perfect Continuous : S + have/has + been + V-ing
Example : Ratu has been writing a letter
- Formula passive present tense :
1. Simple : S + is / am / are / + V3
Example : a letter is written by Elena
2. Continuous : S + is/am/are + being + V3
Example : a latter is being written by Elena
3. Perfect : S + have/has + been + V3
Example : a letter has been written by Elena
4. Perfect Continuous : S + have/has + been + V3
Example : a letter has been being written by Elena
- Formula active past tense :
1. Simple : S + V2 + O
Example : Elena wrote a letter
2. Continuous : S + was/were + V-ing
Example : Elena was writing a letter
3. Perfect : S + have/has + V3
Example : Elena has written a latter
4. Perfect Continuous : S + had+ been + V-ing
Example : Elena had been writing a letter
- Formula passive past tense :
1. Simple : S + was/were + V3
2. Continuous : S + was/were + being + V3
3. Perfect : S + has + been + V3
4. Perfect Continuous : S + had + been + being + V3
Sentence that used modals :
1) Active : We can solve the problem
Passive : The problem can solve
2) Active : They may open the hotel next year
Passive : The hotel may be opened next year
Kalimat dengan Complement atau Sub-Clause
1) Active : It is said that he is 108 year old
Passive : He is said to be old years old
2) Active : It is reported that two people were killed in the explosion
Passive : Two people are reported to have been killed in the explosion.

Guys, we use in for nonspecific times during a day, a month, a season or a year.
Example :
Teachers always start their work in the morning.
In the dry season, farmers often use water pumps to water their fields.
And then, we us on to designate days and dates.
Example :
Do you usually have a hoisting flag ceremony on Mondays ?
Weekend is on Sunday.



Next, we use at to designate specific times.
The rain stopped at 9 a.m.
We arrived at Diponegoro’s street at 10:30 a.m.

Hi guys, next I’ll tell you about news item.
News item is a text which informs readers about events of the day. The events are considered newsworthy or important.
The generic structure of news item :
Newsworthy event = recounts the events in a summary form
Background events = elaborate what happened, to whom, in what circumstances
Source = comments by perticipants, in witnesses to and authorities expert on the event.



Language feature of News Item :
Using action verbs
Using saying verbs
Using passive sentences