Suprise of diesbelief is a feeling that we feel when we read or heard an amazing news which suprised and amazed us.

To express surprise or disbelief :
What a surprise! That’s a surprise!
(Well), that’s very surprising!
Really?
What?
Are you serious? You must be joking!
You’re kidding!
Fancy that!
I must say … surprises me.
I find that hard to believe.

When you got a surprising fact, you can say :
Do you know what?
Believe it or not?
You may not believe it, but …
Can you believe this?

You can respond to the surprising fact using these expressions :
Really?
Are you joking?
Oh?
Where? Show me

Invitation is a way to invite someone or more to go to a place or to do something.



There are two types of invitation.
They are Formal Invitation and Informal Invitation.
Formal invitation is usually originate from Institutes, Companies and a kind of it. Normally formal invitation is written invitation.
Informal invitation is personal invitation given to a friend, family, etc. Informal invitation can be written invitation and verbal invitation.


How to Write An Invitation?

Step 1
Before you write an invitation, decide on the tone, voice and level of formality, based on the event itself. This will dictate whether you hand-write the cards or have them printed, and whether you choose A preprinted or personalized invitation.

Step 2
Choose the type of invite you want, and order or buy a few more than you think you'll need. This will permit you to add some guests to your list at the last minute, if necessary. For small parties, you may want to hand-write the invitations on stationery or blank cards. For large gatherings, consider ordering printed invitations.

Step 3
Determine the wording of your invite based on the level of formality. For example, a formal invitation might say, 'Dr. and Mrs. Stanley request the pleasure of your company,' whereas a more casual note might say, 'Please join us.'

Step 4
Include the names of the host and/or hostess, as well as the place (with street address), time, date and purpose of the occasion, even if it's a simple get-together.

Step 5
Make sure to add RSVP information at the bottom of the invite if you need to know who will be attending; for example, 'RSVP' followed by your telephone number.
R.S.V.P. which means "please reply.“The person sending the invitation would like you to tell him or her whether you accept or decline the invitation. That is, will you be coming to the event or not?

Step 6
Include a respond-by date on a formal invitation so you can get an accurate head count in time to adjust the amount of food, number of place settings and room size. For a wedding, charity function or other formal event, consider including a response card and a stamped, self-addressed envelope inside the envelope containing your invite.

Step 7
Mail invitations three weeks before most events, four weeks before a formal affair and three months before a wedding, to allow for airline reservations. For events held during the December holidays, send invitations around Thanksgiving.


Example :
Extending Invitation :
- Let’s go to the Keroncong Festival!
- Please try to come!
- I hope you’ll join us!
- If you are not busy, pleased come to my party!
- Shall we see the film?
- I would like to invite you come to my house!

Accepting Invitation :
- Great! Let’s do it!
- Thank you. I’d like to!
- That’s a good idea!
- That would be very nice!
- Thank you for invitation!

Declining /refusing Invitation :
- I’m really sorry about that.
- Sorry. I can’t. I have to do something.
- I’d love to. But I can’t.
- Sorry. I really busy.
(If you declining an invitation, please give a reason)

Gratitude is expression that used to said thank you to other people.
Kind of gratitude expression are:
• Thank you very much
• Thanks
• I’m grateful to….
• I want to thank.
• I want to express my gratitude to….
• I keep forgetting to thank you for… .
Respond of expressing:
• You are welcome.
• Don’t mention it.
• Not at all.
• It was nothing at all.
• No problem.
• Glad to be of help.
• (it was) my pleasure.
• I’m glad I could help.
• I’m glad I could do it.
• I’m glad I could be of help.
Compliment is expression that used to give praising to other people. Some people use compliment to better up someday or to flatter in order to increase good will.
Expressing:
 What a nice dress.
 You look great.
 You look very nice.
 I really must express my administration for you….
 Good grades.
 Excellent.
 Nice work.
Time to express compliment:
 On his/her general appearance.
 If you notice something new about the person’s appearance.
 When you visit someone’s house for the first time.
 When other people do their the best.
Congratulation is expression that used to said congratulate to someone when get a successes.
Expressing:
o Let me congratulate you.
o Congratulations on your successful business.
o My congratulations on your success.
o Congratulation on your promotion.
o Good!
o That’s great!
o Isn’t that wonderful!
o How fortunate.
o Splendid!
o Pretty good!
Responding:
o Thank you.
o Thanks, I needed that.
o That’s very kind of you to say that.
o Do you really think so?
o You’ve made my day!
o The same to you.o I’m glad you like it.
o Thank you. It’s nice of you to say so.

Direct Speech Refers to reproducing another person’s exact words or saying exactly what someone has said (sometimes called quoted speech).

We use quotation marks (“______________”) and it should be word for word.

Indirect speech Refers to reproducing the idea of another person’s words that doesn’t use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word for word.

Indirect speech is sometimes called reported speech.

The tense usually changes when reporting speech. This is because we are usually talking about a time in the past and obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past.

The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too

For example:

Direct speech Indirect speech


Present simple Past simple

Vita said, “I eat fried rice”. Vita said that she ate fried rice.

Past simple Past Perfect

Mother said, “I went to market yesterday”. Mother said (that) she had gone to market the day before.

Future simple Past Future

Lea said, “I am going to wash my clothes”. Lea said (that) she was going to wash her clothes.

Dave said, “I will buy an I-Pod next week”. Dave said (that) he would buy an I-Pod the week after.

Present continuous Past continuous

Gama said, “I am playing football”. Gama said he was playing football.

Past continuous Past perfect continuous

She said, “I was teaching earlier.” She said she had been teaching earlier.

v When we want to report what someone said, we do not usually repeat their exact words, we use our words. We can use reporting verbs, such as tell, say, ask followed by ‘that-clause’.

Example: My mother said that she got up at 4 o’clock.

v When reporting verbs is in the Present, Present Perfect, or Future, there is no change of tense in the words reported.

Example: She will tell you

She says (that) she doesn’t know.

She has just said


In time expressions and pronouns
Direct speech
Indirect speech
Now


Today/tonight

Yesterday

Tomorrow

Last week

Next week

Ago Then


That day/that night

The day before/the previous day

The next/following day

The previous week

The following week/the week after

Before
This/these


Here

Pronouns That/those


There

They change according to the context


v Sometimes we need to report someone’s questions. The reported question are introduced with the verb ask, inquire, wonder, want to know, etc.
Type
Form
Examples
Yes-No questions Ask + if/whether + subject + verb


Wonder etc.
“Do you speak English?”

- He wondered if I spoke English.
Wh-questions Ask + question word + subject + verb


Wonder etc.
“What are you watching?”

- She asked what I am watching.

Descriptive text is a kind of text that has functions to describe a particular thing, place, or person.

The generic structure of descriptive text :

(a) Identification / ClassificationFunction : To mention or to identificate the particular thing, place, or persons hat will be describe in the text.

(b) Description
Function : To describe or mention some characteristic of particular thing, place, or person.

The language features of descriptive text :

v Focus on specific participants

v Use of attributive and identifying processes

v Frequent use of epithets and classifier in nominal groups

v Use of simple present tense.

Example of Descriptive Text:

Identification :My Pets

We have three family pets: a dog, a cat, and a tortoise.

Descriptions :
The dog’s name is Benjamin. He is big golden Labrador. He is beautiful. He has big brown eyes and a long tail. He is very friendly dog, but he is sometimes a little stupid. Dogs are expensive to keep but they are fun to play with.

Our cat is named Martha. She is quite young, but she is not a kitten. She is very pretty. She has black and white fur and green eyes. She’s smart, too and very clean.

The tortoise’s name is Rocky. He has short, fat legs, a long neck, and a very hard shell. He is also very old and slow. He’s ugly and dirty, but I like him.

Finite verbs is a verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the rules and categories of languages in which it occurs.
Finite verb can form independent clause, which stand by their own as complete sentence.

A sentence life thanks for your help. Has a nintergection where could have a subject and a finite verb form. The finite forms of a verb are the forms where the verb show tense, person, or singular/plural.
Example :
I go to school
She writes a note
They buy a lot of candies
Non-finite verb is a verb are the forms where the verb don’t show tense or person.

Hi guys, this is simple future tense. It is used for describing job or action that will to do (happened) at future. Simple future has two different forms in English : “will” and “be going to”
Positive (+) S + shall/will + verb I

Example : I shall read a novel.
They will go now.
(+) S + to be + going to + verb I
Example : He is going to close the window.
Negative (-) S + shall/will + not + verb I + O
Example : I shall not eat it.
They will not come.
(-) S + to be + not + going to + verb I + O
Example : She is not going to teach her student tomorrow.
Interrogative (?) Will + S + verb I + O
Example : Will he walk to market ?
(?) To be + S + going to + verb I
Example : Are they listen the music ?

Hi guys, do you know that it’s my topic on the second semester. Yup, introductory it. Check this out!
A : To get the best score is hard.
B : It is hard to get the best score.

In this pattern, it has no meaning. It is used only to fill the subject position in the sentence. Thus, it is called introductory “it”.
A and B mean the same thing, but sentence B is more common and useful than A. A was introduced mainly to make the meaning of B easier to understand. Introductory “it” can fill the position both of the subject and object.
When the subject is a clause :
It does not matter whether he comes or not. (Whether he comes or not does not matter.)
Introductory it as an object :
Do you think it dangerous to drive when the way is slippery?
Introductory it in question
Who was it that broke the window?

Should :
Should is the past form of shall. It used to advice and obligation.
You should switch off the light when you leave the room.
You should drive carefully in bad weather.

Would :
Would is the alteration of will in the past form. Would is use for wish and request (more polite than will)
Example :
Would you open the window, please?
Would you help me, please?



Might :
Might is the past form of may. It used to tell possibility and hesitant offer.
Example :
It might windy today.
Might I help you?

Could :
Could is the past form of can. It used to say ability, permission, polite question, polite request and polite offer.
Example :
I could lend you my car till tomorrow.
Could I go to cinema, please?
I could speak English.

Narrative text. We ever study this topic on first semester. Yeah, narrative text is a text that tells a story such as legend, fairy tales, fable, etc. In order to entertain, stimulate emotion, or to teach. This text is using verb 2.
Generic structure of Narrative Text :
Orientation : Introduces main characters in a setting of place and time.
Complication : Tells the problems of the story and how the main characters solve it.
Resolution : Tells the ending of the story.



Example story of Narrative text :
Snow White
Pinnocio
Malin Kundang
Sleeping Beauty
Cinderella

What is noun phrase? Do you know guys? Yeah, noun phrase are formed by a noun or pronoun and any modifiers, compelemnts, or determiners.
Example :
The most beautiful ring
The greatest King
An ugly cat
A lovely jacket
The determinative, that constituent which determines the reference of the noun phrase in its situational.
The premodification, which comprises all modifying or describing constituents before the head, other than the determiners.
The head, around which the other constituents cluster.

The structure of Noun Phrase:
Noun phrase : pre-modifiers + noun
Noun phrase : noun + post-modifier
Noun phrase : pre-modifiers + noun + post-modifier

Passive voice is sentence that used when the focus or not know and however, who or what performing the action.
General Formula :
to be + V3 (Past participle)
- Formula active present tense :
1. Simple : S + V1 + O
Example : Elena writes a letter
2. Continuous : S + is/am/are-ing

Example : Elena is writing a letter
3. Perfect : S + have/has + V3
Example : Elena has written a letter
4. Perfect Continuous : S + have/has + been + V-ing
Example : Ratu has been writing a letter
- Formula passive present tense :
1. Simple : S + is / am / are / + V3
Example : a letter is written by Elena
2. Continuous : S + is/am/are + being + V3
Example : a latter is being written by Elena
3. Perfect : S + have/has + been + V3
Example : a letter has been written by Elena
4. Perfect Continuous : S + have/has + been + V3
Example : a letter has been being written by Elena
- Formula active past tense :
1. Simple : S + V2 + O
Example : Elena wrote a letter
2. Continuous : S + was/were + V-ing
Example : Elena was writing a letter
3. Perfect : S + have/has + V3
Example : Elena has written a latter
4. Perfect Continuous : S + had+ been + V-ing
Example : Elena had been writing a letter
- Formula passive past tense :
1. Simple : S + was/were + V3
2. Continuous : S + was/were + being + V3
3. Perfect : S + has + been + V3
4. Perfect Continuous : S + had + been + being + V3
Sentence that used modals :
1) Active : We can solve the problem
Passive : The problem can solve
2) Active : They may open the hotel next year
Passive : The hotel may be opened next year
Kalimat dengan Complement atau Sub-Clause
1) Active : It is said that he is 108 year old
Passive : He is said to be old years old
2) Active : It is reported that two people were killed in the explosion
Passive : Two people are reported to have been killed in the explosion.

Guys, we use in for nonspecific times during a day, a month, a season or a year.
Example :
Teachers always start their work in the morning.
In the dry season, farmers often use water pumps to water their fields.
And then, we us on to designate days and dates.
Example :
Do you usually have a hoisting flag ceremony on Mondays ?
Weekend is on Sunday.



Next, we use at to designate specific times.
The rain stopped at 9 a.m.
We arrived at Diponegoro’s street at 10:30 a.m.

Hi guys, next I’ll tell you about news item.
News item is a text which informs readers about events of the day. The events are considered newsworthy or important.
The generic structure of news item :
Newsworthy event = recounts the events in a summary form
Background events = elaborate what happened, to whom, in what circumstances
Source = comments by perticipants, in witnesses to and authorities expert on the event.



Language feature of News Item :
Using action verbs
Using saying verbs
Using passive sentences

Offering to older people:
Would you like a cup of tea, Mrs. Elizabeth?
Could I offer you a glass of lemonade, Mrs. Gwen?
Would you care for some salad?
Offering to friends:
Want some?
Glass of lemonade?
Grab some for yourself.
Would you like to have a pancake?
Why don’t you have some lemonade?
What can I get for you?



Accepting an offer:
Thank you
Yes, please
I’d like it very much
Thank you, I would
That would be very nice

Declining an offer:
No, thanks.
No, I really won’t. Thank you.
No, thanks. I’m not hungry.

The use of WH-Questions
What
When
Where
Why
Who
How Combined with to be
What is ……. Your name?
When was ……. She born?
Where are ………. The books?
Why were …………. They here?
Who are ……….. Those people?
How is ……. Qinta?



Combined with auxiliary verbs or Modals
What do …………
When did …………
Where shall ……..
Why does ……..
Who might ……
How could …….


Asking for information:
I’d like to know about this novel
I’m interested in the characters
Could you tell me more about it?
Do you know the plot?
Could you find out the solution?
Could I ask about the conflict?
Do you happen to know the reader?


Guessing:
I’d say … I know where to find the book
It could be … somewhere in the library
Perhaps it’s … on the top of the shelf
I think it’s … not there anymore
It looks like … someone has taken the book
It’s difficult to say, but I’d guess …
It’s being borrowed by a student

Formal expressions
I wonder if you remember ….
You remember ...., don’t you?
You haven’t forgotten ...., have you?
Don’t you remember ....?
Do you happen to remember it now?

Ways to respond
Let me think, yes, I remember.
I remember especially the scenery.
I’ll never forget that.
I’ll always remember.
I can remember it clearly



Informal expressions
Remember the old house we used to live in?
Remember that?
I’m sorry, I don’t remember.
Ways to respond
Hold on. Yes, got it!
I know ….
It’s coming back to me now.

Response if you forget:
Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten.
I’m afraid I forget.
I really can’t remember.
I’m afraid I have no memory of him.
Err, let me think. No, it’s gone.
Sorry, it slipped off my mind.

Vocabulary around the house is an situation when we use english for everday in our hole life and we spelled the grammar well. Begin in our daily life at home e.g. with our parents,friends,bro,sister,grandpa,grandma,or maybe with your teachers? then, your neighboor,your lab partner,etc. I don't know how to explain it well, but i would share to you about something I know or just give you an idea for the bassicly english. make your head stay cool. :) :lol: "
Things you may find around the house
* Light bulb(s)
* Plug(s)
* Socket(s)
* Torch(es)
* Ceiling light(s)
* Lamp(s)
* Curtain(s)
* Shelf (shelves)
* Telephone(s)
* Box(es)
* Plug(s)
* Battery (batteries)
* Photo(graph)(s)



Rooms
* Living Room
* Settee(s)
* Armchair(s)
* Coffee table(s)
* Display cabinet(s)
* Hifi stand(s)
* TV cabinet(s)
* Television(s) / tv(s)
* Hifi(s)
* Speaker(s)
* Cushion(s)
* Rug(s)



Things we do in the Living Room
* People watch TV in the living room.
* People sit and read a book in the living room.
* People listen to music in the living room.

Bedroom
* Bed(s)
* Bedside cabinet(s)
* Bedside table(s)
* Dressing table(s)
* Wardrobe(s)
* Chest of drawer(s)
* Brush(es)
* Comb(s)
* Hair dryer(s)
* Pillow(s)
* Sheet(s)
* Clothes

Things we do in the Bed Room
* People listen to music in the bedroom.
* People sleep in the bedroom.
* People get dressed or undressed in the bedroom.

Kitchen
* Table(s)
* Chair(s)
* Bin(s)
* Cooker(s) / oven(s)
* Microwave (oven)(s)
* fridge(s)
* dishwasher(s)
* Tap(s)
* Coffee maker(s)
* Food mixer(s)
* Coffee maker(s)
* Food mixer(s)
* Liquidizer(s)
* Saucepan(s)
* Frying pan(s)
* sieve(s)
* Kettle(s)
* teapot(s)

Things we do in the Kitchen
* People prepare food in the kitchen.
* People cook in the kitchen.
* People sometimes eat in the kitchen.
* People make coffee or tea in the kitchen.
* People put the food away in the kitchen cupboards.

Bathroom
* Chair(s)
* Basin(s)
* Bath(s)
* Toilet(s)
* Toilet roll(s)
* Toilet brush(es)
* hairdryer (hairdryers)
* toothbrush(es)
* Shaving foam razor(s)
* Toilet seat(s)

Things we do in the Bed Room
* People get dressed or undressed in the bathroom.
* People have a shave in the bathroom.
* People brush their teeth in the bathroom.
* People take a shower in the bathroom.
* People have a bath in the bathroom.

Other Rooms:
Attic : People store things in the attic.
Ballroom : A room in stately homes where rich people dance and concerts are held.
Box Room : A small room used for storage.
Cellar : Underneath the house.
Cloakroom : A small room where people put their coats.
Conservatory : A greenhouse attached to a house for the display of plants.
Dining Room : A room where people eat.
Drawing Room : A room in stately homes where rich people entertain.
Games Room : A room in large houses where games are played.
Hall : The entrance passage to a house.
Larder : A small room used for the storage of food.
Library : A room where books are kept.
Lounge : Another name for living room.
Music Room : A room where people play music.
Office : A room where people work.
Pantry : A small room used to store kitchen and dining items.
Parlor : Old fashioned word for living room.
Sitting Room : Another name for living room.
Guest Room : A room where guests sleep.
Toilet : A room where people go to the toilet (often known as WC)
Utility Room : A room where appliances such as washing machines are used.

Perfect Tense

Nih aku posting tantang perfect tense.Kebetulan Perfect Tense adalah materi yang aku pegang. Tolong disimak baik2 karena nih materi susah2 gampang.

Perfect Tense have 3 types:
Present perfect tense is used for describing a past action's effect on the present: he has arrived.Now he is here.This hold true for events that have just been secluded as well as for events that have not yet occured.
Present perfect is formed by combining have/has with the main verb’s past participle form:
I have arrived.

A negation is produced by inserting not after have/has:
I have not arrived.
Questions in present perfect are formulated by starting a sentence with have/has:
Has she arrived?

Past Perfect Tense is a kind of tense that is used to describe an action or an event that started in a certain time in the past and completed or finished till certain time in the past too; or past perfect tense is used to express an action or an event that had happened before the other event or action happened.

Example:
• (+) We had eaten before they came.
• (-) They had not eaten before we came.
• (?) Had they eaten before we came?

The pattern :
• (+) Subject + had+verb III+(complement)
• (-) Subject + had not+verb III+(complement)

• (?)Had + subject +verb III+(complement)

Future perfect tense is used to describe an event that has not yet happened but is expected or planned to happen before another stated occurrence.

The structure/pattern of future perfect tense:
Example:
(+)Subject+ will+ have+ v3+ (complement)
I will have finished by 11 a.m.
(-)Subject+ will+ not+ have+ v3+ (complement).
He will not have gone to school.
(?)Will+ subject+ have+ v3+ (complement)+ ?
Will you have arrived ?

Gaining Attention


Gaining attention is a way or expression that is spoken so that other people will pay their attention to what we want to.

The example expression of gaining attention :
Attention, please
May i have your attention, please ?
Excuse me, look here !
Listening to me, please
Waiter?
I'm sorry,but ......
Wow really ?
Example :
Theacher : Attention, please. Today we will watch a movie in the self access center. What do you think ?
Student : That's great